Celebrating self-expression as a basic human right essential for the healthy growth of youth, individuals and communities COMMUNITY ARTS ADVOCATES, INC. Stephen H. Baird, Founder and Executive Director PO Box 300112, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-0030 Tele: 617-522-3407 TTY/MA RELAY 800-439-2370 info@BuskersAdvocates.org |
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(Detailed site index at bottom of page) |
The History and Cultural Impact
of Street Performing in America
by Stephen Baird
1982-on
2017 Attempt to impose inaudible at 20 feet rule on Michigan Ave. by Chicago City Council:
- Street Musician Ban for Mag Mile, State Street Advances - By Heather Cherone, February 15, 2017 https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20170215/downtown/street-musician-ban-for-mag-mile-sate-street-advances
- Alds. Brendan Reilly (42nd) and Brian Hopkins (2nd) - Street musicians would be banished from Michigan Avenue from Cedar Street to Balbo Avenue, which includes the stretch that runs along Grant Park. Performers would also be blocked from a stretch of State Street between Jackson Boulevard and Huron Street. The proposed ordinance pertains specifically to performers who "emit noise that is audible to a person with normal hearing more than 20 feet away."
- The full Council is scheduled to consider the issue at its meeting Feb. 22.
- These types of bans have been litigated before: New Orleans artists received a preliminary injunction restraining order on May 31, 1996 when the city tried to impose a inaudible at 25 foot requirement Case 96-1869 (E.D.La.,1996) ROSELYN LIONHART, et al versus CITY OF NEW ORLEANS, et al;1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18903 (December 13, 1996). The City of Ithica, New York also had an inaudible at 25 foot volume restriction that was challenged by a street preacher in DEEGAN v. CITY OF ITHACA, 444 F.3d 135 (2006).
- "We find that the challenged noise ordinances, as interpreted, construed, and enforced by Defendants against Deegan cannot withstand constitutional scrutiny. Therefore, we remand the case to the District Court with instructions to enter judgment in favor of Deegan and award him appropriate relief.
[T]he Court finds that Katra made his measurements in February at the same place and time of day as the October 9, 1999 incident in issue; that 56 decibels was the maximum noise level at which a person could speak and still be in compliance with the ordinance 50 percent of the time; that this decibel level is lower than that generated by the clicking of high-heeled boots, conversations between two or three people, a shop door opening and closing, a small child playing on a playground and a cellular telephone; that most normal human activity would be clearly audible at a distance of 25 feet; and that a spirited conversation between two people would be clearly audible at a distance of 25 feet. The Court further finds that there is no evidence regarding how many people were in "close proximity" (six to eight feet) of plaintiff while he was preaching; that Katra did not measure the decibel level of plaintiff's preaching; that the duration of a loud sound is an important factor in whether it is annoying or alarming; and that factors such as annoyance and alarm cannot be scientifically measured.
Quite simply, a noise regulation that prohibits "most normal human activity," including a spirited conversation by only two people, is not narrowly tailored to serve the City's interest in maintaining a reasonable level of sound, at least in a public forum like the Commons."
DEEGAN v. CITY OF ITHACA, 444 F.3d 135 (2006). http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/444/135/546275/ or https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/444/444.F3d.135.html2009-2012 Arrest and legal actions of Chris Drew for selling art on streets of Chicago
- Street musicians get reprieve after ACLU objections – by Fran Spielman, Chicago Sun Times Feb 22, 2016
http://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/street-musicians-to-be-silenced-over-aclu-objections/
- “The street performer ordinance already has serious First Amendment problems. The proposed amendments to the ordinance would add new restrictions that cannot satisfy constitutional standards, leaving the city open to a strong likelihood of litigation,” Glenberg wrote.
“The city should not impose those new restrictions on street performers and should, instead, eliminate the current permit requirement and the prohibition on performances in Millennium Park.”
Glenberg noted that “public sidewalks, like parks, are traditional public forums.” The government “may not regulate speech” in those areas “unless it is necessary to serve a compelling state interest and narrowly drawn to achieve that end.”
Mayoral press secretary Matt McGrath said Emanuel “enjoys street performances and believes they add to this city’s unique cultural fabric.”
- Uptown Multi-Cultural Art Center (UM-CAC) http://www.art-teez.org/free-speech.htm Email: umcac@art-teez.org Telephone: 773/561-7676 UM-CAC, P.O. Box 408363, Chicago, IL 60640 Chris Drew writes about life selling art on the streets of Chicago and Chicago's failure to live up to the First Amendment. See the blog with photos at: http://www.c-drew.com/blog/
- Peddler charged with taping cops during his own arrest BY ROSEMARY SOBOL Sun-Times Media Wire December 3, 2009
http://www.suntimes.com/news/24-7/1918823,peddler-taping-cops-arrest-120309.article- Video of Chris Drew arrest for selling art on 12/2/09 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72_ZzJCfESc
- Ticket fine given to Chris Drew for selling art on State Strret in Chicago 11/13/09 video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDT336Jw3Vs
- ACLU files its lawsuit against Anita Alvarez, Cook County State's Attorney over eavesdropping act http://www.art-teez.org/free-speech-movement/100819-aclu-v-alvarez.pdf
- Chicago Tribune: ACLU challenges Illinois eavesdropping act Lawsuit cites cases of people charged with breaking the law for making audio recordings of police in action By Becky Schlikerman and Kristen Mack, Tribune reporters; August 18, 2010 http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/ct-met-aclu-privacy-lawsuit-20100819,0,2296176.story
- http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/2617236,aclu-recording-lawsuit-082010.article
- Chris Drew died on May 7, 2013. Eavesdropping law declared unconstitutional in March by Cook County Court and in another case on May 8, 2012 at the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-10/news/ct-met-drew-obit-20120510_1_eavesdropping-case-eavesdropping-law-separate-case
- What will be the legacy of street artist Chris Drew? by Deanna Isaacs on Culture, April 15, 2014 http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/peddlers-licenses-nancy-bechtol-chris-drew-documentary/Content?oid=13114129
- Remembering Chris Drew: Chicago Free Speech Artist and Civil Rights Activist: http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/9071-remembering-chris-drew-chicago-free-speech-artist-and-civil-rights-activist
- Chris Drew, Chicago Street Artist, appreciated you posting his info. He asked me to do a documentary film about his Free Speech struggles in Chicago 6 months before he passed on. I knew him for 25 years... His legacy is still strong and important! Here is the link to the film, it is currently on amazon.com Can stream the movie or buy the DVD... Free Speech & the Transcendent Journey of Chris Drew, Street Artist –music by Hey Now Records... https://lnkd.in/bW48syY via @amazon
Chicago, IL: SP., L, SUB. Best areas are Michigan Ave. days, Rush St. evenings and entrance of Lincoln Park Zoo on weekends. If there is a problem contact: ACLU of Illinois, 180 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2300, Chicago, IL 60601-1287. Tel: 312-201-9740. http://www.aclu-il.orgChicago, Illinois, USA permit Street Performer Required to perform in a public area. Obtain permit from City Hall. No amplified music is allowed. Fee: $75 (Saw it listed as $100 on city web site 8/09) Municipal Code Reference: 4-268 See Chicago web site. http://www.cityofchicago.org
NOTE: Alderman Burton Natarus (Ward 42) has continued to unconstitutionally restrict Chicago street artists. (article links below). New ordinance passed in February 2006
- Chicago Street Musicians celebrate and recognize Chicago-area street musicians by educating the public at large and by providing additional performance opportunities for street musicians. http://www.chicagostreetmusicians.org http://www.facebook.com/pages/Chicago-Street-Musicians/109659439436?ref=search
- Street Home Chicago show on Thurs, March 3rd, 2011 @ 9pm has been moved to the beautiful House of Blues! Hope you will join us next week for a great show, family reunion and overall fun night. You can find more info about the show here: http://www.houseofblues.com/tickets/eventdetail.php?eventid=67989.
Also, today we're in the Chicago Reader! Please check out the article: Street Home Chicago: The city's most indie musicians get an advocate--and a gig
CSM would also like to give a big ups to our sponsors and partners:
Simply Elegant Products: http://simplyelegantproducts.com
Mike Wozniak Design: http://mwozdesign.com
Spoon Photography and Design: http://spoonphotoanddesign.com
If you'd like to be part of our street team, by clicking the image to the right you can download a small flyer that you can put up at your office or local coffee shop, or give to your friends.
Please feel free to email or call me with questions. Thank you for your support of CSM!
Best,
Gabriel Chapman
312.804.0228
gabriel.p.chapman@gmail.com
http://chicagostreetmusicians.org
- Visit the historic Maxwell Street where the electric blues were invented at http://www.openair.org/maxwell/blnewmax.html
- Festival: First Annual Busker Festival held in August 2002. Contact: Chicago's New East Side Association at http://www.chicagoneweastside.com
- Sound clips and photographs of street performers in NYC, Chicago, Madison, Los Angles, Santa Cruz, Berkeley, San Francisco by STREETNOTE, 3288 21st street #185, San Francisco, CA, 94110 email: nutt@streetnote.org Contact: Tim Nutt http://streetnote.org/
- Nicholas Barron is Chicago music. He sings like those blues cats that used to play on Maxwell Street. He performs and writes a mix of Acoustic Folk, Blues and Soul music ; spiritual, real, and deeply poetic. He plays guitar in a style that is truly his own; at once percussive and highly rhythmic with big beautiful chords and in funky tunings with his original one man band attack. He started in the subways and streets in all kinds of crazy Chicago weather. He founded C.A.S.A. (Coalition for the Advancement of Street Art) to stop the city from banning street art/performance and he and his fellow buskers won! http://www.candyrat.com/artists/nicholasbarron/
- Street performer ban from Delaware-to-Superior on North Michigan Ave.
- License fee for street musicians increased to $75. (Saw it listed at $100 on city web site 8/09)
- Volume limited average conversational level could be heard 100 feet away, either horizontally or vertically.
- First offense raised to $300. License revoked for on-year for three violations in a one-year period.
- City Code 4-268 published on line at American Legal: http://www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Illinois/chicago_il/title4businessesoccupationsandconsumerpr/chapter4-268streetperformers?f=templates$fn=altmain-nf.htm$q=[rank,100%3A[domain%3A[and%3A[stem%3A[and%3Astreet%20performers%20chicago]]]][sum%3A[stem%3Astreet%20performers%20chicago%20]]]$x=server$3.0#LPHit1
Chicago bans street artists from its main street -- Dictatorships are silent democracies are noisy"The responsibility of those who exercise power in a democratic government is not to reflect inflamed public feeling, but to help form its understanding" Felix Frankfurter 1958
Alderman Burton Natarus and Chicago City Council should ban all politicians from Michigan Avenue to lower the volume in Chicago, but it is so mush easier to pick on the poor and powerless street artists.
Barking dogs are one of the most frequent complaints made to police departments. Natarus should ban all dogs from Michigan Avenue. Dogs have more First Amendment rights in Chicago Ward 42 then people.
Noise complaints are often the central issue. Air planes 100-130 db, trains 80-110 db, trucks and buses 70-120 db, building air conditioners and exhaust fans 70-100 db and numerous other sources of city noise are 2-20 times greater than any street performer. Even water fountains and rain storms can measure over 90 db. Street performers often can not be measured because they are below the background noise levels. People most often complain about some one else's volume level and never their own contribution to the collective noise level of a complex society.
Only the rich and powerful can get a quiet residence in a big city.... Not the poor and powerless who live next to an airport, mass transit line or six-lane highway. Will Alderman Burton Natarus and Chicago City Council ban recess at all public schools because a few rich residents will be disturbed by the noise of children playing outside?
The real public safety issue in Chicago is abuse of alcohol. Natarus should ban alcohol sales on Michigan Avenue. Automobiles accidents kill and maim tens of thousands of people every year, but the penalties and license fees for street artists in Chicago are greater. Alderman Burton Natarus and Chicago City Council threatened to raise the street performance license fee to $150 to suppress the number of street artists. Sam Adams, Thomas Jefferson and the citizen revolutionary soldiers of the United States must be rolling in their graves over this tax on free speech that makes the Stamp Act boycott historically irrelevant.
One of Natarus' deceptive excuses for the North Michigan Avenue ban and increased restrictions was the performances of unlicensed bucket drummers. With this same logic Natarus and Chicago City Council should ban all automobiles from Michigan Avenue, because an unlicensed driver is caught driving on Michigan Avenue with a broken muffler.
This is not an issue of public safety and noise, but class and race. Natarus and Chicago City Council did not and can not document any public safety issues caused by street performance accidents. The very people complaining about noise level contribute to the collective noise level exceeding 80 db. The commerce noise of the rich and powerful is not being restricted to the same level as the poor and powerless street artists.
Tap dancing, the blues and jazz were not invented at universities. They were crafted and perfected on the streets including the streets of Chicago. From Ben Franklin to Irving Berlin, Louis Armstrong to Blind Lemon Jefferson, Eubie Blake to Robin Williams -- the streets are where the foundations of American culture identity is formed.
A reason given for prohibiting street performers is the availability of other public areas. The Following US Supreme Court statement has been frequently quoted in numerous lower court decisions: "One is not to have the exercise of his liberty of expression in appropriate places abridged on the plea that it may be exercised in some other place." Schneider v State, 308 US l47, l63 (l939).
Alderman Burton Natarus and Chicago City Council have not brought understanding and clarity to the street performance issues in Chicago, but exploited the situation for personal political gain.
Stephen Baird 2006
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"Little Howling Wolf" playing sax on the Chicago River draw bridge on Michigan Ave. in 1982.
The battle to street perform in Chicago dramatically changed in 1982 when I received a call from Cynthia Haring aka "Destiny Quibble" complaining she could not perform on the streets or subway platforms in Chicago like she did in Boston when she was a student at Berklee College of Music. It became a dynamic four-year commitment.
- Cynthia Haring contact http://worldnationgroup.com/about-us/world-nation-team/cynthia-ruth-haring/
Attorney Robert Wynbrandt was a young trademark and copyright attorney Cynthia Haring aka "Destiny Quibble" had been working with previously from Jenner and Block, one of Chicago's largest law firms. Attorney Robert Wynbrandt conducted a brilliant campaign to pass a new ordinance to open up Chicago to street performances (Attorney Robert Wynbrandt eventually became a Partner in Jenner and Block and the CEO of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons). This was a volatile period in the Chicago political landscape. Mayor Richard Daley had just died (I do not believe this change would have happened during his life time of rigid police control of the city). Mayor Jane Byrne was elected the first woman mayor and Mayor Herald Washington was elected the first black mayor. Much of the real political power during this transitional time period was with the City Council and individual district Alderman.
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No musical instruments allowed sign posted in Grant Park in Chicago.
Street performances and the harassment of the street artists have been part of the history of Chicago as the above photo from a Chicago Folk Music Magazine documented in an article by Mick Scott. However, the sounds of music are irrepressible. The Maxwell Street flea market is one of the most historic street performance areas in the country where all the great blues artists-- Big Bill Broonzy, Lightning Hopkins, Blind Lemon Jefferson and Jessie Fuller all played (http://www.openair.org See the Maxwell Street in Chicago webpages). Maxwell Street Market was shut down in 1994. A great 2 cd set by Rooster Blues Records documented some of the artists. See: http://www.baddogblues.com/nighthawk/press.htm
The strategy to open up Chicago centered on a media campaign to support a new ordinance. It was backed up with the legal threats of First Amendment law suits. The Goldstein v Nantucket court case was decided in 1979 and the Davenport v Alexandria, VA was just decided in 1983. Expert urban planners and witnesses were invited to testify before the City Council including William H, Whyte (Rediscovering the Center City (Doubleday 1988) by William H. Whyte Read pages 32-39 for his description of street entertainers, the Davenport v Alexandria, VA and the Friedrich v. Chicago court cases).
The short story is:
- A year and and 6 months was spent on passing a new ordinance 1982-1983. See the following documents (Note: there were numerous articles in the Chicago Sun Times and Chicago Tribune)
- Statement to Chicago City Council by Northwestern University Professor of Sociology and Urban Affairs, Allan Schnaiberg Re Chapter 36.1 on November 5, 1982 See text in new window click here
- New York Times (via Minneapolis Star and Tribune, April 19, 1983 page 3 C) which appeared in numerous papers across the county, Chicago Sun Times writer Zay Smith was a major advocate. See copy below and click image for larger view.
- Statement to Chicago City Council by Attorney Robert Wynbrandt, Jenner and Block, Re Chapter 36.1 on November 5, 1982
- Statement by Cynthia Haring aka "Destiny Quibble"Cynthia Haring contact http://worldnationgroup.com/about-us/world-nation-team/cynthia-ruth-haring/
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- The ordinance passed 37-3 on September 28, 1983 and the street performance scene exploded from just a few performers to over 800 licensed performers in the first year. (Note: There was a sunset clause stating the law would terminate in two-years)
- The original Street Performance Ordinance drafted by Attorney Robert Wynbrandt published in the Journal of the Chicago City Council on October 12, 1983 PDF copy download click here
- American Bar Association Journal, December 1983, Vol 69, page 1816-1817 overview of the legal battle, See copy below and click images for larger view.
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- Alderman Burton Natarus (Ward 42) added massive geographical and time limits to the ordinance.
- The focus of this conflict was on young black children "Break Dancing." There were major racial overtones to this debate. Young people were denied permits. Break Dancing was also a central issue in the federal court case. Read pages 38-39 of Rediscovering the Center City by William H. Whyte for details.
- ACLU-Illinois sued the city over the new restrictions. A mixed decision that restricted artists from business areas for esthetic reason?! Conclusion number 28 is a flawed extrapolation-- just because break dancers may not be out in the cold-- many street performers find Thanksgiving to Christmas to be a very important time to reach the public with their artistic message. It was based on conjecture and the reasoning centered on legal gamesmanship. It was not a decision about fairness and justice. It was a decision for the merchants of power and money to keep poor people off of Michigan Ave. The majority of the public safety issues were exaggerated as the final conclusions hints. Also see William Whyte-- Michigan Ave has one of the widest sidewalks in the world and can easily accommodate any congestion caused by street performances. The decision and the hard evidence which was ignored leave plenty of room for additional challenges.
- Friedrich v. Chicago 619 F. Supp., 1129. (D.C. Ill 1985) See text in new window click Friedrich v. Chicago
- After all the battles -- the city was a livlier and less dangerous place for artists.
- Alderman Burton Natarus (Ward 42) has continued to try to restrict Chicago street performers. Including a decibel level restriction of 80db in 1999 and increased time and place restrictions. Note: Noise complaints are often the central issue. Air planes 100-130 db, trains 80-110 db, trucks and busses 70-120 db, building air conditioners and exhaust fans 70-100 db and numerous other sources of city noise are 2-20 times greater than any street performer. Even water fountains and rain storms can measure over 90 db. Street performers often can not be measured because they are below the background noise levels. See:
- USA Today, February 9, 2006, Noise restrictions in Chicago muzzle makeshift musicians Rules snare street drummers, others By Judy Keen http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20060209/a_streetnoise09.art.htm
- Chicago Sun Times,February 23, 2006 by FRAN SPIELMAN http://www.suntimes.com/output/news/cst-nws-perform23.html
- Chicago Sun Times, February 8, 2006 by Mark Brown - Street performers left out in the cold over public hearing http://www.suntimes.com/output/brown/cst-nws-brown08.html
- Chicago Tribune, February 7, 2006 By Charles Sheehan, Mag Mile noise drums up anger -- City considers limits on street performers http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-0602070190feb07,1,7430566.story?coll=chi-news-hed&vote21772300=1
- Chicago Tribune article August 15, 2004 http://www.natarus.com/press08-15-04.asp
- Chicago Sun Times, December 5, 2005 http://www.chicagosuntimes.com/output/news/cst-nws-street05.html
- Chicago Sun Times, Editorial December 6, 2005 http://www.suntimes.com/output/commentary/cst-edt-edits06.html
- Columbia Chronicle: Proposed ordinance may drown out street performers. Alderman wants performers to quiet down, pay more. By James Ewert http://www.ccchronicle.com/paper/citybeat.php?id=2034
- Lots of blog comments at Chicagoist
- Also http://www.chicagoredstreak.com/news/mid-news-midmusic05.html
- Profile on street sax player Walter Gentry January 2005 http://wgntv.trb.com/news/local/eveningnews/wgntv-news-010105cvo,0,2315901.story
- Northwestern University student photo-journalism project on Chicago Street performers: http://newmedia.medill.northwestern.edu/studentprojects/rhodie/midterm/midterm1.html
- Chicago Public Radio - Audio Library: Eight Forty-Eight -- July 14, 2004 -- They're among Chicago's best-known street performers: the Bucket Boys sit on milk crates and beat rhythms on plastic buckets. http://www.wbez.org/audio_library/848_rajul04.asp
- CARLETON THE MIME was a street performer in Chicago. His debut was at the Chess Pavilion near Oak Street Beach in the summer of 1972. Soon after he began retail promotions for art galleries on Clark Street, Marshall Fields and Chas. A Steven's. His first stage was at Kingston Mines when it was on Lincoln Ave. long before it became strictly Blues. http://www.rockmimeworld.com/hist.htm
- Uptown Multi-Cultural Art Center (UM-CAC) http://www.art-teez.org/free-speech.htm Email: umcac@art-teez.org Telephone: 773/561-7676 UM-CAC, P.O. Box 408363, Chicago, IL 60640 Chris Drew writes about life selling art on the streets of Chicago and Chicago's failure to live up to the First Amendment. See the blog with photos at: http://www.c-drew.com/blog/
- Peddler charged with taping cops during his own arrest BY ROSEMARY SOBOL Sun-Times Media Wire December 3, 2009
http://www.suntimes.com/news/24-7/1918823,peddler-taping-cops-arrest-120309.article- Video of Chris Drew arrest for selling art on 12/2/09 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72_ZzJCfESc
- Ticket fine given to Chris Drew for selling art on State Strret in Chicago 11/13/09 video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDT336Jw3Vs
- ACLU files its lawsuit against Anita Alvarez, Cook County State's Attorney over eavesdropping act
- http://www.art-teez.org/free-speech-movement/100819-aclu-v-alvarez.pdf
- http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/ct-met-aclu-privacy-lawsuit-20100819,0,2296176.story
- http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/2617236,aclu-recording-lawsuit-082010.article
Chicago Contacts
Uptown Multi-Cultural Art Center (UM-CAC) http://www.art-teez.org/free-speech.htm
Email: umcac@art-teez.org Telephone: 773/561-7676UM-CAC, P.O. Box 408363, Chicago, IL 60640
Chris Drew writes about life selling art on the streets of Chicago and Chicago's failure to live up to the First Amendment. See the blog with photos at: http://www.c-drew.com/blog/
- Got a Permit for That? The city makes it easier to panhandle on downtown streets than to sell art on them. by Deanna Isaacs, July 24, 2008. Article in the Chicago Reader about Chris Drew's fight to allow artists to sell art work in public spaces of Chicago. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/thebusiness/080724/
Legal help in Chicago can come from different sources depending on the issues:First Amendment issues by:
ACLU of Illinois
For legal intake contact
There is an online form
By Phone: (312) 201-9740
(800) 572-1092 (inside Illinois only)
By Fax: (312) 201-9760
ACLU of Illinois Intake Department, 180 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2300, Chicago, IL 60601
For more arts related issues:
Lawyers for the Creative Arts, 213 W. Institute Pl., Suite 401, Chicago, IL 60610
Tel (312) 649-4111 FAX (312) 944- 2195
http://www.law-arts.org/Contact.htm
William E. Rattner, Executive Director. Email: wrattner@law-arts.org
Marci A. Rolnik, Legal Director. Email: mrolnik@law-arts.org
Katina Spearman, Administrative Director. Email: kspearman@law-arts.org
OPENAIR-MARKET NET: The World Wide Guide to Farmers' Markets, Street Markets, Flea Markets and Street Vendors
Steve Balkin is an economics professor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, director of the Self-Employment Research Project, a frequent visitor to open air markets, and an advocate. Email: oikon@pobox.com
Street Arts and Buskers Advocates
Copyright © 1999-2017 by Stephen Baird